Tom, I use fumigilin every fall,it is an aid in preventing nosema disease in honeybees. It is the only medication I know of that is manufactured specifically for bees, and only bees. I started using it in my second year of beekeeping because I lost my first (feral) colony during the winter to nosema or dystentery, and figured the fumigilin to be a justifiable cost,kind of like an insurance policy._________ If you check previous posts--Robo--has kindly offered a formula for an essential oil mixture(kinda, sorta, like honey b healthy) you add to sugar syrup. I use this for packages and splits,this recipe suits me just fine. Getting back to fumigilin, it is a proactive med that you use before any indicators of nosema are present. The hallmark indicator of nosema would be many,many spots of bee excrement all over the inside of the hive and inner cover.I do not like using any meds or chemicals at all--but if they are needed,I take the cure. Even if it is only temporary.