Perhaps I am a little foolish to consider myself treatment free. After all, I am only in my second year. I cannot say that I am able to maintain an apiary long term without treatment yet. But that is where I am trying to go. I have not treated for mites yet, and intend not to. I know there are beeks on the forum who do not treat and are making it. Eventually I hope to join their rank of success in that endeavor. I may well fail. We shall see. But if I do fail, it will not be for lack of sound advice from this diverse and supportive forum
Mr. Bob, splitting or letting hives naturally swarm are excellent tools to reduce mite loads. A hive is deprived of capped brood for about 3 weeks when a swarm occurs. We know mites change their physiology when capped brood is absent. This change in physiology occurs again when brood is about to be capped but it takes the mites time to adjust to reproduction mode. All the while 1-2 percent of mites are eliminated daily. Mite drop by bees grooming, mites are carried off into the field, all said about 1-2 percent reduction of mites takes place naturally after a swarm occurs and there is no capped brood for mite reproduction. Also mites are carried of by the swarm itself.
So natural swarming is an excellent was to reduce mite loads. Recap:
1. Natural mite drop 1-2 percent per day
A. Without capped brood the mites attach you the bees, some bees with mites attached leave the hive never to return.
B. Again, bees leave the hive with mites and mites just fall of the bees.
2. Natural grooming causes the mites to fall off the bees.
3. A change in mite reproduction physiology takes place if no capped brood is present. When brood is available, this upgrade in reproduction physiology takes time.
4. No capped brood for 3 weeks after a swarm. Mites cannot reproduce without capped brood.
So swarming by bees is an excellent, natural method for reducing mite load in a hive. Splitting a hive produces similar results if the split is to raise its own queens, again causing a period with absence of capped brood.
Mites double every 3 weeks in a hive with capped brood. A critical point of about 7.8 mites per hundred bees, rounded to 8 percent is the critical point for Spring hive collapse. Any mite level above 8 percent during warm months is cause for collapse in the future.
Mites above 8 percent will double to 16 percent in 3 weeks, 32 percent in 6 weeks, 64 percent in 9 weeks. By 12 weeks the mites easily collapse the hive at 128 percent, more mites than bees. However the hive actually collapses before the 128 percent is reached.
Same scenario with 1 percent mite rate:
Starting with one percent mite per hundred bees; remember mites double every 3 weeks.
3 weeks later, 2 percent
6 weeks later, 4 percent
9 weeks later, 8 percent
12 weeks later, 16 percent mite level compared to 128 percent. That is a lot difference.
So Mr. Bob, if a hive swarms and subsequent mite load is reduced below critical points the hive can prosper. I admire the goal to be treatment free. You got my support.
Cheers